When disaster strikes, access to clean water is often one of the first resources to be compromised. Therefore Water Filtration is Key. Whether it’s a natural disaster, infrastructure failure, or simply living off the grid, having a reliable source of safe drinking water is essential for survival. In New Zealand, while we’re fortunate to have access to natural water sources like rivers, lakes, and rainfall, these are not always free from contaminants. Agricultural runoff, human activity, and natural pathogens can easily turn these sources into a health risk.
For preppers, water filtration is a critical component of any preparedness plan. Having the right tools and knowledge to purify water can mean the difference between life and death in a crisis. In this article, we’ll explore the different water filtration options available, specific risks to be aware of in New Zealand’s unique environment, and how to ensure your water supply remains safe no matter the situation. Whether you’re prepping for short-term emergencies or long-term self-sufficiency, clean water should always be your top priority.
Why Water Filtration is critical for preppers
Water is the foundation of life, but in an emergency, access to clean drinking water can quickly become scarce. For preppers, ensuring a reliable source of safe water is absolutely essential, as humans can only survive three days without it. Water filtration plays a critical role in protecting against a range of threats found in natural and urban water sources.
In New Zealand, while we may have access to rivers, lakes, and rainwater, these sources are not always safe to drink directly. Natural water often carries bacteria, viruses, and parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which can lead to severe illness if ingested. Contaminants such as agricultural runoff, animal waste, and even industrial pollutants can also seep into these sources, making them unsafe for consumption.
Moreover, during times of crisis—whether it’s a natural disaster like an earthquake, flooding, or a disruption in urban water supply—access to clean water can become unpredictable or compromised. Infrastructure can fail, pipes can break, and water treatment plants may become overwhelmed or inoperable.
For preppers, the ability to filter and purify water is non-negotiable. Having a robust water filtration system in place means you can source water from nearly any available location, whether it’s rainwater collected from your roof, a stream in the bush, or an urban water supply that has become contaminated. Without proper filtration, even seemingly clear water can harbor invisible threats that could incapacitate you or your family when you’re most vulnerable.
Water filtration is not just about preparing for the worst-case scenario; it’s about ensuring the best possible outcome when the unexpected happens. By investing in water filtration systems and understanding how to properly use them, you can secure a safe and sustainable water supply for both short-term emergencies and long-term survival situations.
Different Water Sources and Their Risks in New Zealand
New Zealand is blessed with an abundance of natural water sources, but as pristine as they may seem, they’re not always safe to drink without proper filtration. Each water source comes with its own set of risks that preppers need to be aware of to ensure their water is safe for consumption in an emergency. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most common water sources in New Zealand and the potential dangers they pose.
Rainwater
Advantages: Rainwater is one of the most easily accessible and renewable water sources in New Zealand, especially in regions that experience regular rainfall. It’s relatively clean when collected directly from the sky, making it a good option for preppers with water catchment systems in place.
Risks: While rainwater may seem pure, it can become contaminated as it passes through dirty rooftops, gutters, or storage containers. Dust, bird droppings, and other debris can pollute the water, introducing bacteria, protozoa, or even chemicals from airborne pollutants. In rural areas, especially near farms, agricultural spray drift can also taint rainwater supplies.
Rivers and Lakes
Advantages: New Zealand’s vast network of rivers and lakes provides ample water in many areas, especially in the wilderness. These sources are often easily accessible during outdoor activities or in remote areas.
Risks: Despite their natural appearance, rivers and lakes are highly susceptible to contamination. Agricultural runoff is a significant issue in many regions, leading to elevated levels of nitrates, pesticides, and pathogens like E. coli from livestock. Additionally, rivers and lakes can harbor harmful microorganisms like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which can cause severe gastrointestinal illness. Human activity, such as camping or boating, can further pollute these water bodies with waste and chemicals.
Groundwater (Wells and Springs)
Advantages: Groundwater, accessed through wells or natural springs, can be a stable and long-term water source, particularly in rural areas. It’s often seen as a reliable backup during emergencies.
Risks: Although groundwater is generally cleaner than surface water, it’s not immune to contamination. In some regions of New Zealand, particularly near agricultural or industrial sites, groundwater can be polluted with heavy metals, nitrates, and other chemicals. Shallow wells are especially at risk of bacterial contamination from nearby livestock, septic tanks, or surface runoff.
Urban Water Supply
Advantages: Urban areas in New Zealand typically have treated municipal water supplies that are safe for drinking under normal circumstances. This water has gone through rigorous treatment processes to remove pathogens and chemicals.
Risks: During a disaster, the urban water supply can be compromised. Earthquakes, floods, or infrastructure failures may lead to broken pipes or overwhelmed treatment plants. In such situations, untreated or contaminated water can flow through the system, exposing households to pathogens or chemical contaminants. Boil water notices are often issued after such events, but having a water filtration system in place ensures immediate access to safe water.
Types of Water Filtration Systems for Preppers
Portable Filters (e.g., Sawyer, Lifestraw)
Portable water filters like the Sawyer and Lifestraw or any No-Names are essential tools for any prepper, especially when mobility is key. These compact, lightweight filters are designed for on-the-go use, making them perfect for emergency situations, bug-out bags, and outdoor survival scenarios. Their small size allows them to be easily carried in a backpack or emergency kit, offering a quick and reliable way to make water safe for drinking when you’re out in the wild or on the move.
How They Work
Portable filters use hollow fiber membranes to physically remove contaminants from water as you drink. The tiny pores in these membranes act as a barrier, trapping bacteria, protozoa, and other harmful microorganisms while allowing clean water to pass through. Most filters are capable of removing over 99.9% of harmful bacteria such as E. coli and protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are common in many of New Zealand’s natural water sources.
Advantages
Portable water filters offer several key benefits for preppers. Their most significant advantage is portability—these filters are incredibly lightweight and compact, making them easy to carry during outdoor excursions, emergencies, or while traveling. They don’t require any electricity, batteries, or chemicals, which means they can be used in virtually any situation, whether you’re deep in the bush or cut off from utilities. Another major advantage is their ability to provide instant filtration. You can drink directly from a contaminated water source without waiting for chemical treatments to work or boiling water, making them highly efficient in time-sensitive situations. Additionally, these filters are extremely durable—many filters, for example, can filter up to 100,000 gallons of water, providing a long-term solution for clean drinking water. They are also highly effective at removing harmful bacteria and protozoa, such as E. coli, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium, which are common in many of New Zealand’s natural water sources.
Limitations
Despite their many advantages, portable filters have a few important limitations. One major drawback is their inability to filter out viruses. While bacteria and protozoa are caught by the filter’s membrane, viruses are much smaller and can pass through, making these filters less effective in areas where viral contamination is a concern, such as urban disaster zones. Another limitation is that these filters are ineffective against chemical contaminants, such as pesticides, heavy metals, or industrial runoff. This is especially relevant for preppers in New Zealand who might rely on water sources near agricultural or industrial areas, where chemical pollution is a real risk. In these cases, preppers will need to pair their portable filters with additional purification methods, such as activated carbon filters or chemical tablets, to ensure their water is safe. Additionally, while portable filters are great for individual or small group use, they may not be practical for large-scale water needs, such as those of a family or long-term homestead, as they are designed for more immediate, small-volume filtration.
Gravity-fed Filters (e.g., Berkey)
Gravity-fed filters, such as the popular Berkey systems, are a staple for many preppers who need a reliable, long-term water filtration solution at home or in a stationary location. These systems use gravity to pull water through a series of filters, providing clean and safe drinking water without the need for electricity or manual pumping. They’re ideal for preppers looking to establish a consistent water source during an emergency or for off-grid living.
How They Work:
Gravity-fed systems like Berkey use a multi-stage filtration process, typically involving carbon filters and other advanced filter media that remove bacteria, viruses, protozoa, heavy metals, and various chemicals. Water is poured into the upper chamber of the unit, where gravity pulls it down through the filters into the lower chamber, where it’s stored and ready to drink. This passive process makes these systems low-maintenance and energy-independent, ideal for long-term use in crisis situations.
Advantages:
Gravity-fed filters are known for their high filtration capacity. They can handle large volumes of water at a time, making them perfect for families or groups. Berkey systems, for example, can filter out bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, chemicals, and even pharmaceuticals, offering some of the most comprehensive filtration on the market. Their ability to remove both biological and chemical contaminants makes them a versatile option for New Zealand preppers, especially those who may rely on varied water sources like rainwater, lakes, or even tap water during emergencies.
Limitations:
Despite their benefits, gravity-fed filters do have some limitations. One of the primary drawbacks is that they are not as portable as other filtration systems like Lifestraw or Sawyer. Their size and weight make them better suited for stationary use, such as in a home or a bug-in location, rather than for on-the-move emergency situations.
Another limitation is the filtration speed. Gravity-fed systems work relatively slowly compared to pump or portable filters, especially when processing large volumes of water. This means they may not be ideal for situations where you need immediate access to filtered water. Additionally, while Berkey filters are highly effective, they can be pricey, especially when compared to smaller, more portable options. The upfront cost of a gravity-fed system may be a barrier for some preppers, though the long-term benefits often outweigh this concern.
Ultraviolet (UV) Purifiers
Ultraviolet (UV) purifiers represent a modern and highly effective method for ensuring that water is safe to drink, especially when dealing with biological contaminants. UV purifiers use ultraviolet light to neutralize microorganisms in the water, offering a powerful solution for eliminating pathogens without the use of chemicals. For preppers in New Zealand, UV purifiers can be an excellent addition to a comprehensive water treatment strategy, particularly when dealing with relatively clean but biologically unsafe water sources.
How They Work
UV purifiers operate by exposing water to ultraviolet light, which disrupts the DNA of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, rendering them unable to reproduce or cause illness. The water is typically passed through a chamber where it is exposed to UV light emitted by a lamp. This process is highly effective at neutralizing pathogens, ensuring that the water is microbiologically safe to drink. UV purifiers can come in various forms, including handheld devices for small quantities of water, or larger, more permanent systems designed for household use.
Advantages
One of the primary advantages of UV purifiers is their effectiveness against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. This makes them a reliable choice for ensuring that water is free from harmful pathogens. UV purifiers do not require chemicals, which means they do not alter the taste or odor of the water, making it more palatable. They are also relatively quick and efficient, with most UV purifiers capable of treating water in just minutes. This rapid treatment process is ideal for situations where you need safe water quickly, such as during an emergency or while on the go.
Another significant advantage is that UV purifiers do not leave any chemical residues or by-products in the water, making them an environmentally friendly choice. They are also low maintenance, requiring only occasional cleaning of the UV lamp and quartz sleeve. For preppers who may have limited access to power sources, there are solar-powered or rechargeable UV purifiers available, which can be a practical option for off-grid living.
Limitations
Despite their benefits, UV purifiers do have some limitations. They are ineffective against chemical contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial pollutants, which can be a concern in certain water sources. This makes them less suitable as a standalone solution if the water source is known to be contaminated with such substances. Additionally, UV purifiers require a clear water source; they are less effective at treating turbid or murky water because suspended particles can block UV light and reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. For this reason, it is often necessary to pre-filter the water to remove larger particulates before using a UV purifier.
UV purifiers also require a power source to operate. While some models can be powered by batteries or solar energy, others may rely on mains electricity, which could be a limitation during extended power outages or in very remote locations. Additionally, the UV lamp needs to be replaced periodically, adding to the overall maintenance of the system.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems are a highly effective and comprehensive water purification method, often used in both residential settings and emergency preparedness. These systems are designed to remove a wide range of contaminants from water, including bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and chemicals. For preppers in New Zealand, RO systems offer a robust solution for ensuring that water is not only clean but also free from harmful substances, making them ideal for long-term use in stationary setups.
How They Work:
Reverse Osmosis operates by pushing water through a semipermeable membrane under pressure. This membrane has very tiny pores that filter out contaminants and impurities, allowing only clean water to pass through. The process involves several stages, including pre-filtration to remove larger particles, the RO membrane for fine filtration, and post-filtration to polish the water and remove any remaining taste or odor. RO systems are capable of removing up to 99% of contaminants, including dissolved solids, chemicals, and microorganisms.
Advantages:
One of the main advantages of RO systems is their comprehensive filtration capabilities. They can effectively remove a broad spectrum of contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, heavy metals (such as lead and arsenic), and chemicals (like chlorine and pesticides). This makes them an excellent choice for ensuring high-quality drinking water, particularly in areas where water sources may be compromised or polluted.
RO systems are also known for their improved water taste and clarity, as they remove substances that can affect the flavor and appearance of water. This can be particularly beneficial if you’re using water from sources with high levels of dissolved solids or other impurities. Additionally, modern RO systems are designed to be relatively easy to maintain. They typically include filter replacement indicators and straightforward procedures for changing filters and membranes.
Another significant advantage is that RO systems can provide high volumes of purified water. Unlike some portable filters, RO systems are capable of delivering a continuous supply of clean water, making them suitable for families or groups who need a reliable water source on a regular basis.
Limitations:
Despite their many benefits, RO systems do have some limitations. One of the primary drawbacks is the wastage of water. For every gallon of purified water produced, several gallons of water are flushed away as waste, which can be a concern in areas with limited water availability. This makes RO systems less efficient for water conservation compared to other methods.
RO systems also require a reliable power source to operate. Many units rely on electricity to maintain water pressure and operate the filtration process, which may not be ideal in extended power outages or off-grid situations. However, there are some manual or solar-powered options available that can address this issue.
Another limitation is the cost and complexity. RO systems can be relatively expensive to purchase and install compared to other water filtration methods. Additionally, they require regular maintenance, including filter and membrane replacements, which can add to the overall cost and effort of upkeep.
Chemical Purification (Tablets or Drops)
Chemical purification methods, such as tablets or drops, offer a simple and effective way to treat water, especially in emergency situations where other filtration options might not be available. These methods are designed to kill or neutralize pathogens, making water safe to drink without the need for complex equipment. For preppers in New Zealand, chemical purification can be a valuable addition to a comprehensive water treatment strategy, particularly as a backup or complement to other filtration methods.
How They Work
Chemical purification typically involves adding iodine, chlorine dioxide, or other disinfectants to water to kill bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Tablets or drops are pre-measured doses of these chemicals, which, when added to water, create a disinfecting solution. The water is usually left to sit for a specified period (typically 30 minutes to 4 hours) to allow the chemicals to effectively eliminate pathogens. Some products also include neutralizing agents to remove any unpleasant taste or odor after disinfection.
Advantages
One of the primary advantages of chemical purification is its portability and ease of use. Tablets and drops are compact and lightweight, making them ideal for inclusion in a bug-out bag, emergency kit, or travel pack. They do not require any special equipment or power source, making them a versatile option for various situations.
Chemical purification is also effective against a broad range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Chlorine dioxide, in particular, is known for its efficacy against Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are common in natural water sources. This method is also relatively affordable, with tablets and drops often costing less than advanced filtration systems or UV purifiers.
Another benefit is that chemical purification can provide quick access to safe drinking water in emergencies. With proper use, it can make water from questionable sources safe to drink, which is crucial when other purification methods might not be readily available.
Limitations
However, chemical purification does have some limitations. One significant drawback is that it does not remove chemical contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, or industrial pollutants. If the water source is contaminated with these substances, additional filtration methods will be necessary to ensure safety.
Additionally, the taste and odor of treated water can be unpleasant due to the chemicals used. Although some products come with neutralizers to address this issue, it can still be a concern for those who are sensitive to taste.
Chemical purification also requires appropriate dosing and wait time. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on following the correct dosage and allowing sufficient contact time for the chemicals to work. Incorrect use or insufficient waiting time can lead to incomplete disinfection and unsafe water.
Finally, storing chemical purification tablets and drops requires attention to their shelf life and proper storage conditions. Over time, chemicals can degrade, reducing their effectiveness, so preppers need to ensure that their supplies are regularly checked and replaced as needed.
Kangen Water Systems
One filtration system which is more and more in the spotlight is Kangen Water Systems, developed by Enagic. These are a type of water ionizer designed to produce alkaline water with a range of purported health benefits. These systems use electrolysis to separate water into alkaline and acidic components, providing water with varying pH levels for different uses. For preppers in New Zealand, Kangen Water Systems offer a unique approach to water purification and enhancement, though their suitability and effectiveness can vary depending on individual needs and circumstances.
How They Work
Kangen Water Systems function by passing water through an electrolysis process in a specialized ionization unit. This process involves using electrodes to create an electrochemical reaction that divides the water into two streams: alkaline and acidic. The alkaline water, referred to as Kangen Water, is claimed to have a higher pH and is often used for drinking. The acidic water is typically used for cleaning and disinfecting purposes. The system also includes filters to remove some impurities from the water before ionization.
Advantages
One of the primary advantages of Kangen Water Systems is their ability to produce alkaline water, which some proponents believe can help balance the body’s pH levels and offer various health benefits. These systems are also marketed for their potential antioxidant properties, which are thought to help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Additionally, Kangen Water Systems provide versatility by offering different pH levels for various uses, including drinking, cooking, and cleaning.
The systems also include built-in filtration to remove common contaminants such as chlorine and sediment, enhancing the overall quality of the water. This combination of filtration and ionization can improve the taste and clarity of the water, making it more enjoyable to drink.
Another advantage is that Kangen Water Systems are relatively easy to use and maintain. They typically come with user-friendly controls and require only periodic maintenance, such as cleaning the electrolysis plates and replacing filters.
Limitations
Despite their benefits, Kangen Water Systems have several limitations. One significant drawback is their high cost. These systems are generally more expensive than other water filtration options, which may be a barrier for some preppers. The initial investment and ongoing maintenance costs can add up, making it a less economical choice compared to more affordable filtration methods.
Kangen Water Systems also have limited effectiveness in removing certain contaminants. While they can filter out some impurities, they may not be as effective at addressing heavy metals, pesticides, or other chemical pollutants that can be present in water sources. For preppers relying on water from potentially contaminated sources, additional filtration methods may be necessary to ensure comprehensive safety.
Another limitation is that the health benefits of alkaline water are subject to debate. While some studies suggest potential benefits, others question the claims made by proponents of alkaline water. There is limited scientific evidence supporting the specific health advantages of drinking alkaline water, which means that the perceived benefits may not be universally applicable.
DIY Filtration Methods (Charcoal, Sand)
DIY filtration methods, such as using charcoal and sand, are practical and cost-effective solutions for preppers looking to create their own water purification systems. These methods are often employed in field situations or as part of a broader survival strategy, offering a way to filter and purify water using readily available materials. For preppers in New Zealand, DIY filtration methods can be a valuable addition to their water treatment arsenal, providing a basic yet effective means of improving water quality.
How They Work
DIY filtration typically involves creating a multi-layered filter using materials like activated charcoal, sand, and gravel. The process usually consists of constructing a simple filter column or container where water passes through the different layers of filtration media.
- Charcoal: Activated charcoal, also known as activated carbon, is used to adsorb impurities and chemicals from the water. It effectively removes chlorine, pesticides, and other organic contaminants, improving both the taste and odor of the water. Charcoal is typically placed in the filter column as one of the primary layers.
- Sand: Sand acts as a physical barrier to remove larger particles, sediments, and debris from the water. It’s usually placed above or below the charcoal layer in the filter column. Sand helps to clarify the water by trapping particles that might otherwise pass through the system.
- Gravel: Gravel is often used as a base layer in DIY filters to support the sand and charcoal layers and to aid in the flow of water through the filter.
Advantages
DIY filtration methods offer several advantages. They are cost-effective, using materials that are often readily available or inexpensive. This makes them an accessible option for preppers who need to build their own water filtration system on a budget. Additionally, these methods are simple to construct and maintain. With basic tools and materials, preppers can create a functional filter system that can be used in various situations, including emergencies or outdoor activities.
Another advantage is their customizability. Preppers can adjust the size, materials, and design of the filter to meet their specific needs and water sources. DIY filters can be scaled up or down depending on the volume of water required and can be adapted to include additional filtration media if needed.
DIY filtration methods are also highly portable when constructed in a compact form. They can be used in the field or in temporary setups where access to commercial filtration systems might be limited.
Limitations
Despite their benefits, DIY filtration methods have some limitations. One major drawback is their limited effectiveness compared to more advanced filtration systems. While charcoal and sand can improve water quality by removing sediments and some contaminants, they may not fully address all potential pollutants. For instance, DIY filters might not effectively remove bacteria, viruses, or heavy metals, which could be present in contaminated water sources.
Another limitation is that DIY filters require regular maintenance and replacement of filtration media. Charcoal needs to be replaced periodically as it becomes saturated with contaminants, and sand may need to be cleaned or replaced if it becomes clogged. This ongoing maintenance is crucial to ensure the filter remains effective.
DIY filtration systems also have inconsistent performance. The effectiveness of the filter can vary based on the quality of the materials used, the design of the filter, and the type of contaminants in the water. Without proper construction and regular maintenance, these filters may not provide reliable or safe drinking water.
Additionally, clarification of water through sand and gravel does not guarantee the removal of all harmful microorganisms or chemical pollutants. Preppers using DIY filtration should be aware of these limitations and consider additional methods, such as boiling or chemical treatments, to ensure comprehensive water safety.
Ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water is a cornerstone of effective prepping and emergency preparedness. The variety of water filtration systems available—ranging from portable filters and gravity-fed units to UV purifiers and reverse osmosis systems—offers numerous options to meet diverse needs and scenarios. By carefully considering your specific water source, contamination risks, and personal requirements, you can select a filtration system that provides reliable and effective purification.
Understanding the advantages and limitations of each filtration method helps in making an informed choice. Portable filters offer convenience for on-the-go situations, while gravity-fed systems and reverse osmosis units provide robust solutions for long-term use. Chemical purifiers and DIY methods add versatility to your preparedness strategy, addressing specific needs and scenarios effectively.
Avoiding common mistakes—such as neglecting maintenance, using inappropriate filters, and overlooking power requirements—ensures that your filtration system remains effective and reliable. By planning ahead and incorporating multiple filtration methods, you can enhance your water safety and preparedness for any situation.
In New Zealand, where diverse water sources and varying environmental conditions pose unique challenges, having a well-rounded water filtration strategy is essential. With the right knowledge and preparation, you can confidently tackle water purification needs, ensuring that you and your loved ones have access to safe, clean drinking water no matter what circumstances arise.